Absorbing and Shattered Fragmentation Transitions in Multilayer Coevolution

We introduce a coevolution voter model in a multilayer, by coupling a fraction of nodes across two network layers and allowing each layer to evolve according to its own topological temporal scale. When these time scales are the same the dynamics preserve the absorbing-fragmentation transition observed in a monolayer network at a critical value of the temporal scale that depends on interlayer connectivity. The time evolution equations obtained by pair approximation can be mapped to a coevolution voter model in a single layer with an effective average degree. When the two layers have different topological time scales we find an anomalous transition, named shattered fragmentation, in which the network in one layer splits into two large components in opposite states and a multiplicity of isolated nodes. We identify the growth of the number of components as a signature of this anomalous transition. We also find a critical level of interlayer coupling needed to prevent the fragmentation in a layer connected to a layer that does not fragment.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, last figure caption includes link to animation

Noise in Coevolving Networks

Coupling dynamics of the states of the nodes of a network to the dynamics of the network topology leads to generic absorbing and fragmentation transitions. The coevolving voter model is a typical system that exhibits such transitions at some critical rewiring. We study the robustness of these transitions under two distinct ways of introducing noise. Noise affecting all the nodes destroys the absorbing-fragmentation transition, giving rise in finite-size systems to two regimes: bimodal magnetisation and dynamic fragmentation. Noise Targeting a fraction of nodes preserves the transitions but introduces shattered fragmentation with its characteristic fraction of isolated nodes and one or two giant components. Both the lack of absorbing state for homogenous noise and the shift in the absorbing transition to higher rewiring for targeted noise are supported by analytical approximations.Comment: 20 page

INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

It is considered problems of improving the organization’s internal control over financial reporting. It is also analyzed the procedure of the organization’s internal control over financial reporting, there are considered the main aspects of accounting financial results

FINANCIAL RESULTS FOR ACCOUNTING AND TAX ACCOUNTING PURPOSES

In the article the problems of convergence of accounting and tax accounting of financial results are considered. The way of recognizing income in formulating financial results is analyzed. Besides, main aspects of accounting and tax accounting of financial results were studied

INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

It is considered problems of improving the organization’s internal control over financial reporting. It is also analyzed the procedure of the organization’s internal control over financial reporting, there are considered the main aspects of accounting financial results

FINANCIAL RESULTS FOR ACCOUNTING AND TAX ACCOUNTING PURPOSES

In the article the problems of convergence of accounting and tax accounting of financial results are considered. The way of recognizing income in formulating financial results is analyzed. Besides, main aspects of accounting and tax accounting of financial results were studied

Exponential Decay of Correlations for Strongly Coupled Toom Probabilistic Cellular Automata

We investigate the low-noise regime of a large class of probabilistic cellular automata, including the North-East-Center model of Toom. They are defined as stochastic perturbations of cellular automata belonging to the category of monotonic binary tessellations and possessing a property of erosion. We prove, for a set of initial conditions, exponential convergence of the induced processes toward an extremal invariant measure with a highly predominant spin value. We also show that this invariant measure presents exponential decay of correlations in space and in time and is therefore strongly mixing.Comment: 21 pages, 0 figure, revised version including a generalization to a larger class of models, structure of the arguments unchanged, minor changes suggested by reviewers, added reference

Smart-Contracts in the digital economy: Contractual regulation and dispute resolution

This article has been prepared for the research purpose of identifying, disclosing, and justifying certain trends in the development of civil law and procedures in the context of the spread of smart contract practices and the expansion of their spheres of application. At the moment, there is no uniform approach to choosing an optimal form for the legal regulation of smart contracts within the system of contract law in modern legal systems or international law; meanwhile, globalization and the digitalization of the economy imply the growth of cross-border transactions. The emergence of smart contracts is due to the development of e-commerce, in which the parties’ interactions are carried out electronically instead of in physical exchanges or direct physical contact. Smart contracts gaining popularity in circulation are based on two interrelated elements: firstly, they eliminate a person’s direct participation in some or all cases of executing the agreement using an automated code designed for execution without reference to the intentions of the contracting parties after publication; secondly, they make use of decentralized blockchain technology, and also provide automatic code execution without any party’s potential intervention, so as to eliminate or reduce the self-control and third-party control of the commitment.This study examines the content, conclusion, validity, protection of rights and legitimate interests of the parties, interpretation, and legal nature of smart contracts. The research materials used foreign experience in resolving disputes from smart contracts on digital platforms (Kleros, JUR, Aragon Network Justice, OpenCourt, OpenBazaar), as well as domestic and foreign literature on smart contracts. This research has been prepared based on general (deduction, dialectical analysis, intersectoral relations of objects) and specialized (comparative-legal, economic-legal) methods of scientific experimentation.The authors conclude that there are no grounds for considering a smart contract as a new classification element of the system of contractual regulation (type or kind of contract). In addition, the analysis shows that the resolution of smart contract disputes through digital platforms remains radically uncertain, and currently is not creating obvious advantages in comparison with traditional judicial proceedings

Challenges in Complex Systems Science

FuturICT foundations are social science, complex systems science, and ICT. The main concerns and challenges in the science of complex systems in the context of FuturICT are laid out in this paper with special emphasis on the Complex Systems route to Social Sciences. This include complex systems having: many heterogeneous interacting parts; multiple scales; complicated transition laws; unexpected or unpredicted emergence; sensitive dependence on initial conditions; path-dependent dynamics; networked hierarchical connectivities; interaction of autonomous agents; self-organisation; non-equilibrium dynamics; combinatorial explosion; adaptivity to changing environments; co-evolving subsystems; ill-defined boundaries; and multilevel dynamics. In this context, science is seen as the process of abstracting the dynamics of systems from data. This presents many challenges including: data gathering by large-scale experiment, participatory sensing and social computation, managing huge distributed dynamic and heterogeneous databases; moving from data to dynamical models, going beyond correlations to cause-effect relationships, understanding the relationship between simple and comprehensive models with appropriate choices of variables, ensemble modeling and data assimilation, modeling systems of systems of systems with many levels between micro and macro; and formulating new approaches to prediction, forecasting, and risk, especially in systems that can reflect on and change their behaviour in response to predictions, and systems whose apparently predictable behaviour is disrupted by apparently unpredictable rare or extreme events. These challenges are part of the FuturICT agenda

Determinants of public cooperation in multiplex networks

Synergies between evolutionary game theory and statistical physics have significantly improved our understanding of public cooperation in structured populations. Multiplex networks, in particular, provide the theoretical framework within network science that allows us to mathematically describe the rich structure of interactions characterizing human societies. While research has shown that multiplex networks may enhance the resilience of cooperation, the interplay between the overlap in the structure of the layers and the control parameters of the corresponding games has not yet been investigated. With this aim, we consider here the public goods game on a multiplex network, and we unveil the role of the number of layers and the overlap of links, as well as the impact of different synergy factors in different layers, on the onset of cooperation. We show that enhanced public cooperation emerges only when a significant edge overlap is combined with at least one layer being able to sustain some cooperation by means of a sufficiently high synergy factor. In the absence of either of these conditions, the evolution of cooperation in multiplex networks is determined by the bounds of traditional network reciprocity with no enhanced resilience. These results caution against overly optimistic predictions that the presence of multiple social domains may in itself promote cooperation, and they help us better understand the complexity behind prosocial behavior in layered social systems.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures; accepted for publication in New Journal of Physic